What does it mean to consent to or give permission?

The term that aligns with the meaning of consenting to or giving permission is "countenance." In this context, countenance refers to the act of giving approval or support to something, effectively conveying an allowance or agreement to a particular action or idea.

This word often implies a gracious acceptance or endorsement of situations or conduct, suggesting an orientation toward permitting or backing a course of action. Thus, using countenance in relation to consent indicates a positive affirmation or permission granted, which aligns perfectly with the question asked.

The other options do not convey this meaning. Caparison relates to the decorative covering of a horse, defalcate involves the misappropriation of funds, and cozen means to deceive or cheat. None of these terms imply giving permission or consent, making countenance the clear choice.