What does it mean to 'fulminate'?

To 'fulminate' means to criticize severely, often in a vehement or explosive manner. The term originates from the Latin word 'fulminare,' which means "to strike with lightning." This etymology underscores the intensity and forcefulness associated with the act of fulminating. When someone fulminates, they express strong denunciation or condemnation, typically focusing on an idea, action, or individual.

This word captures a sense of overwhelming criticism that is not just casual disapproval but rather a vigorous and impassioned outburst against something perceived as wrong or unacceptable. It aligns well with the context of strong negative reactions or protests against specific behaviors or social issues.

The other choices do not align with the meaning of 'fulminate.' Excessively complimenting someone, expressing joy loudly, or declaring promises do not convey the same intensity or context of severe criticism as represented by the correct choice.